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<title>Muscular system</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muscular system</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Muscular system</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">The human muscles, seen from the front, 19th century illustration</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>systema musculare</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/04.0.00.000%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A04.0.00.000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1974">1974</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma72954">72954</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>muscular system</b> is an <a href="Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ system</a> consisting of <a href="Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal</a>, <a href="Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth</a>, and <a href="Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac</a> muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The muscular systems in <a href="Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> are controlled through the <a href="Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> although some muscles (such as the <a href="Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac muscle</a>) can be completely autonomous. Together with the <a href="Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">skeletal system</a> in the human, it forms the <a href="Musculoskeletal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal system</a>, which is responsible for the movement of the <a href="Human_body" title="Human body">body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">Muscle tissue</a></div>

<p>There are three distinct types of muscle: <a href="Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>, <a href="Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac or heart muscle</a>, and <a href="Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth (non-striated) muscle</a>. <a href="Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscles</a> provide strength, balance, posture, movement, and heat for the body to keep warm.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are more than 600 muscles in an adult male human body.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A kind of elastic tissue makes up each muscle, which consists of thousands, or tens of thousands, of small muscle fibers. Each fiber comprises many tiny strands called fibrils, impulses from nerve cells control the contraction of each muscle fiber.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeletal">Skeletal</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">Skeletal muscle</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_muscles_of_the_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of muscles of the human body">List of muscles of the human body</a></div>

<p>Skeletal muscle, is a type of <a href="Striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Striated muscle">striated muscle</a>, composed of <a href="Muscle_cell" title="Muscle cell">muscle cells</a>, called <a href="Skeletal_muscle#Skeletal_muscle_cells" title="Skeletal muscle">muscle fibers</a>, which are in turn composed of <a href="Myofibrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Myofibrils">myofibrils</a>. Myofibrils are composed of <a href="Sarcomere" title="Sarcomere">sarcomeres</a>, the basic building blocks of striated muscle tissue. Upon stimulation by an <a href="Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a>, skeletal muscles perform a coordinated contraction by shortening each sarcomere. The best proposed model for understanding contraction is the <a href="Sliding_filament_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Sliding filament model">sliding filament model</a> of muscle contraction. Within the sarcomere, <a href="Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> and <a href="Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a> fibers overlap in a contractile motion towards each other. Myosin filaments have club-shaped <a href="Myosin_head" title="Myosin head">myosin heads</a> that project toward the actin filaments,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provide attachment points on binding sites for the actin filaments. The myosin heads move in a coordinated style; they swivel toward the center of the sarcomere, detach, and then reattach to the nearest active site of the actin filament. This is called a ratchet-type drive system.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This process consumes large amounts of <a href="Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP), the energy source of the cell. ATP binds to the cross-bridges between myosin heads and actin filaments. The release of energy powers the swiveling of the myosin head. When ATP is used, it becomes <a href="Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">adenosine diphosphate</a> (ADP), and since muscles store little ATP, they must continuously replace the discharged ADP with ATP. Muscle tissue also contains a stored supply of a fast-acting recharge chemical, <a href="Creatine_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Creatine phosphate">creatine phosphate</a>, which when necessary can assist with the rapid regeneration of ADP into ATP.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Calcium_ions" title="Calcium ions">Calcium ions</a> are required for each cycle of the sarcomere. Calcium is released from the <a href="Sarcoplasmic_reticulum" title="Sarcoplasmic reticulum">sarcoplasmic reticulum</a> into the <a href="Sarcomere" title="Sarcomere">sarcomere</a> when a muscle is stimulated to contract. This calcium uncovers the actin-binding sites. When the muscle no longer needs to contract, the calcium ions are pumped from the sarcomere and back into storage in the <a href="Sarcoplasmic_reticulum" title="Sarcoplasmic reticulum">sarcoplasmic reticulum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are approximately 639 skeletal muscles in the human body.

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<div class="gallerytext">Skeletal muscles, viewed from the front</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Skeletal muscles, viewed from the back</div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiac">Cardiac</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Cardiac muscle</a></div>

<p>Heart muscle is striated muscle but is distinct from skeletal muscle because the <a href="Muscle_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle fibers">muscle fibers</a> are laterally connected. Furthermore, just as with smooth muscles, their movement is involuntary. Heart muscle is controlled by the <a href="Sinus_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus node">sinus node</a> influenced by the <a href="Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smooth">Smooth</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">Smooth muscle</a></div>

<p>Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by the autonomic <a href="Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, <a href="Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, and local chemical signals, allowing for gradual and sustained contractions. This type of <a href="Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">muscle tissue</a> is also capable of adapting to different levels of stretch and tension, which is important for maintaining proper blood flow and the movement of materials through the <a href="Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">digestive system</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraction">Contraction</h3></div>

<p><a href="Neuromuscular_junctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromuscular junctions">Neuromuscular junctions</a> are the focal point where a <a href="Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neuron</a> attaches to a muscle. <a href="Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a>, (a <a href="Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> used in skeletal muscle contraction) is released from the axon terminal of the nerve cell when an action potential reaches the microscopic junction called a <a href="Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a>. A group of chemical messengers across the synapse and stimulate the formation of electrical changes, which are produced in the muscle cell when the acetylcholine binds to receptors on its surface. Calcium is released from its storage area in the cell's sarcoplasmic reticulum. An impulse from a nerve cell causes calcium release and brings about a single, short <a href="Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">muscle contraction</a> called a <a href="Muscle_twitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle twitch">muscle twitch</a>. If there is a problem at the neuromuscular junction, a very prolonged contraction may occur, such as the muscle contractions that result from <a href="Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a>. Also, a loss of function at the junction can produce <a href="Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Skeletal muscles are organized into hundreds of <a href="Motor_unit" title="Motor unit">motor units</a>, each of which involves a motor neuron, attached by a series of thin finger-like structures called <a href="Chemical_synapse#Anatomy_and_physiology" title="Chemical synapse">axon terminals</a>. These attach to and control discrete bundles of muscle fibers. A coordinated and fine-tuned response to a specific circumstance will involve controlling the precise number of motor units used. While individual muscle units' contract as a unit, the entire muscle can contract on a predetermined basis due to the structure of the motor unit. Motor unit coordination, balance, and control frequently come under the direction of the <a href="Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> of the brain. This allows for complex muscular coordination with little conscious effort, such as when one drives a car without thinking about the process.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tendon">Tendon</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></div>

<p>A tendon is a piece of connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a muscle intercepts, it pulls against the skeleton to create movement. A tendon connects this muscle to a bone, making this function possible.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerobic_and_anaerobic_muscle_activity">Aerobic and anaerobic muscle activity</h3></div>

<p>At rest, the body produces the majority of its <a href="Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> aerobically in the <a href="Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without producing <a href="Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> or other fatiguing byproducts. During exercise, the method of ATP production varies depending on the fitness of the individual as well as the duration and intensity of exercise. At lower activity levels, when exercise continues for a long duration (several minutes or longer), energy is produced aerobically by combining oxygen with <a href="Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and <a href="Fat" title="Fat">fats</a> stored in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>During activity that is higher in intensity, with possible duration decreasing as intensity increases, ATP production can switch to anaerobic pathways, such as the use of the <a href="Phosphocreatine" title="Phosphocreatine">creatine phosphate</a> and the phosphagen system or anaerobic <a href="Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>. Aerobic ATP production is biochemically much slower and can only be used for long-duration, low-intensity exercise, but produces no fatiguing waste products that cannot be removed immediately from the <a href="Sarcomere" title="Sarcomere">sarcomere</a> and the body, and it results in a much greater number of ATP molecules per fat or carbohydrate molecule. Aerobic training allows the oxygen delivery system to be more efficient, allowing aerobic metabolism to begin quicker. Anaerobic ATP production produces ATP much faster and allows near-maximal intensity exercise, but also produces significant amounts of <a href="Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> which render high-intensity exercise unsustainable for more than several minutes. The phosphagen system is also anaerobic. It allows for the highest levels of exercise intensity, but intramuscular stores of <a href="Phosphocreatine" title="Phosphocreatine">phosphocreatine</a> are very limited and can only provide energy for exercises lasting up to ten seconds. Recovery is very quick, with full creatine stores regenerated within five minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Myopathy" title="Myopathy">Myopathy</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1305433154">

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<p>Multiple diseases can affect the muscular system.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscular_Dystrophy">Muscular Dystrophy</h3></div>

<p><a href="Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy">Muscular dystrophy</a> is a group of disorders associated with progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass. These disorders are caused by mutations in a person's genes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease affects between 19.8 and 25.1 per 100,000 person-years globally.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are more than 30 types of muscular dystrophy. Depending on the type, muscular dystrophy can affect the patient's heart and lungs, and/or their ability to move, walk, and perform daily activities. The most common types include:

</p>

<ul><li>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)</li>

<li>Myotonic dystrophy</li>

<li>Limb-Girdle (LGMD)</li>

<li>Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD)</li>

<li>Congenital dystrophy (CMD)</li>

<li>Distal (DD)</li>

<li>Oculopharyngeal dystrophy (OPMD)</li>

<li>Emery-Dreifuss (EDMD)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Major_systems_of_the_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Major systems of the human body">Major systems of the human body</a></li>

<li><a href="Intramuscular_coordination" title="Intramuscular coordination">Intramuscular coordination</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenfeld2010" class="citation book cs1">Blumenfeld H (2010). <i>Neuroanatomy through clinical cases</i> (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780878930586</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/473478856">473478856</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19089.htm">"Tendon vs. ligament: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image"</a>. <i>medlineplus.gov</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAbercrombieHickmanJohnson1973" class="citation book cs1">Abercrombie M, Hickman CJ, Johnson ML (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Biology</i>. Penguin reference books (6th ed.). Middlesex (England), Baltimore (U.S.A.), Ringwood (Australia): Penguin Books. p. 179. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/943860">943860</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFScott2005" class="citation journal cs1">Scott C (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2129144">"Misconceptions about Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Expenditure"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>37. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1550-2783-2-2-32">10.1186/1550-2783-2-2-32</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2129144">2129144</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18500953">18500953</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpriet1992" class="citation journal cs1">Spriet LL (January 1992). "Anaerobic metabolism in human skeletal muscle during short-term, intense activity". <i>Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology</i>. <b>70</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>165. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fy92-023">10.1139/y92-023</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1581850">1581850</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCDC2022" class="citation web cs1">CDC (2022-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/musculardystrophy/facts.html">"What is Muscular Dystrophy? | CDC"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTheadomRodriguesRoxburghBalalla2014" class="citation journal cs1">Theadom A, Rodrigues M, Roxburgh R, Balalla S, Higgins C, Bhattacharjee R, Jones K, <a href="Rita_Krishnamurthi" title="Rita Krishnamurthi">Krishnamurthi R</a>, Feigin V (2014-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000369343">"Prevalence of Muscular Dystrophies: A Systematic Literature Review"</a>. <i>Neuroepidemiology</i>. <b>43</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>268. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000369343">10.1159/000369343</a></span>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10292%2F13206">10292/13206</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0251-5350">0251-5350</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25532075">25532075</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2426923">2426923</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCarteeHeppleBammanZierath2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cartee GD, Hepple RT, Bamman MM, Zierath JR (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045036">"Exercise Promotes Healthy Aging of Skeletal Muscle"</a>. <i>Cell Metabolism</i>. <b>23</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1034–</span>1047. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cmet.2016.05.007">10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.007</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045036">5045036</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304505">27304505</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMurphyMuldoonBakerLastowka2018" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy AC, Muldoon SF, Baker D, Lastowka A, Bennett B, Yang M, Bassett DS (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773011">"Structure, function, and control of the human musculoskeletal network"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>16</b> (1): e2002811. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2002811">10.1371/journal.pbio.2002811</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773011">5773011</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29346370">29346370</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Human Physiology">Human Physiology</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Muscular_System" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Human Physiology/The Muscular System">The Muscular System</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals">Anatomy and Physiology of Animals</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Muscles" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Muscles">Muscles</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21887-muscle">"Muscle"</a>. <i>Cleveland Clinic</i>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711193301/http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookMUSSKEL.html">Online Muscle Tutorial</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/menu/menu.html">GetBody Smart</a> Muscle system tutorials and quizzes</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medbio.info/Horn/Time%206/muscle_metabolism_march_2007.htm">MedBio.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205235216/http://www.medbio.info/Horn/Time%206/muscle_metabolism_march_2007.htm">Archived</a> 2011-02-05 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Use and formation of ATP in muscle</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Human_systems_and_organs393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Human_body" title="Human body">Human systems</a> and <a href="Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li>

<li><a href="Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li>

<li><a href="Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li>

<li><a href="Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li>

<li><a href="Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li>

<li><a href="Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li>

<li><a href="Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li>

<li><a href="Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li>

<li><a href="Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li>

<li><a href="Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li>

<li><a href="Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li>

<li><a href="Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li>

<li><a href="Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>peripheral</i>

<ul><li><a href="Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li>

<li><a href="Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>primary</i>

<ul><li><a href="Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>secondary</i>

<ul><li><a href="Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li>

<li><a href="Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>CNS equivalent</i>

<ul><li><a href="Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li>

<li><a href="Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a>

<li><a href="Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li>

<li><a href="Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li>

<li><a href="Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a>

<li><a href="Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li>

<li><a href="Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a>

<ul><li><a href="Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li>

<li><a href="Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a>

<ul><li><a href="Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li>

<li><a href="Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>upper GI</i>

<ul><li><a href="Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li>

<li><a href="Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li>

<li><a href="Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>lower GI</i>

<ul><li><a href="Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li>

<li><a href="Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li>

<li><a href="Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li>

<li><a href="Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li>

<li><a href="Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li>

<li><a href="Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li>

<li><a href="Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li>

<li><a href="Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li>

<li><a href="Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li>

<li><a href="Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li>

<li><a href="Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li>

<li><a href="Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li>

<li><a href="Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li>

<li><a href="Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscular_system35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Muscular_system35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tissue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">Muscle tissue</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Cardiac muscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">Skeletal muscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">Smooth muscle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Superficial_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial fascia">Superficial</a></li>

<li><a href="Visceral_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Visceral fascia">Visceral</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fascial_compartment" title="Fascial compartment">Fascial compartment</a>

<li><a href="Fascial_compartments_of_forearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascial compartments of forearm">Forearm</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascial_compartments_of_thigh" title="Fascial compartments of thigh">Thigh</a></li>

<li><a href="Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a>/<a href="Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">Aponeurosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fusiform_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusiform muscle">Fusiform</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennate_muscle" title="Pennate muscle">Pennate muscle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Unipennate_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unipennate muscle">Unipennate</a></li>

<li><a href="Bipennate_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipennate muscle">Bipennate</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Anatomical terms of muscle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Origin_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin (anatomy)">Origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Insertion_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insertion (anatomy)">Insertion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_muscles_of_the_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of muscles of the human body">List of muscles of the human body</a></li>

<li><a href="Composite_muscle" title="Composite muscle">Composite muscle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Muscular_system&oldid=1292897550">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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